An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal.
A simple leaf shutter is a type of camera shutter consisting of a mechanism with one or more pivoting metal leaves which normally does not allow light through the lens onto the film, but which when triggered opens the shutter by moving the leaves to uncover the lens for the required time to make an exposure, then shuts.
A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light in two.
CMOS sensor are to capture images which can be transferred or stored in a memory card or other storage inside the camera for later playback or processing.
aperture- is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
shutter- is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film or a light-sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a scene.
exposure- is the amount of light allowed to fall on each area unit of a photographic medium during the process of taking a photograph.
depth of field-is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image.
F-stop
focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light.